Barak Hussain Obama President of UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Barack Hussain Obama

44th President Of United States Of America & The first In Africans

Barack Hussein Obama II (pronounced /bəˈrɑːk hʊˈseɪn oʊˈbɑːmə/; born August 4, 1961) is the 44th and current President of the United States. He is the first African American to hold the office. Obama was the junior United States Senator from Illinois from January 3, 2005 until his resignation on November 16, 2008, following his election to the presidency. He was sworn into office on January 20, 2009 in an inaugural ceremony at the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C.

Obama is a graduate of Columbia University and Harvard Law School, where he was the first African American president of the Harvard Law Review. He worked as a community organizer, and practiced as a civil rights attorney in Chicago before serving three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004. He also taught Constitutional Law at the University of Chicago Law School from 1992 to 2004. Following an unsuccessful bid for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in 2000, Obama was elected to the Senate in November 2004. Obama delivered the keynote address at the Democratic National Convention in July 2004.

As a member of the Democratic minority in the 109th Congress, Obama helped create legislation to control conventional weapons and to promote greater public accountability in the use of federal funds. He also made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. During the 110th Congress, he helped create legislation regarding lobbying and electoral fraud, climate change, nuclear terrorism, and care for U.S. military personnel returning from combat assignments in Iraq and Afghanistan.

Contents
1 Early life and career
2 Political career
2.1 State legislator: 1997–2004
2.2 2004 U.S. Senate campaign
2.3 U.S. Senator: 2005–2008
2.3.1 Legislation
2.3.2 Committees
3 2008 Presidential campaign
3.1 Election victory
4 Presidency
5 Political positions
6 Family and personal life
7 Cultural and political image
8 Notes
9 References
10 Further reading
11 External links

Early life and career
Main article: Early life and career of Barack Obama
Barack Obama was born at the Kapi’olani Medical Center for Women & Children in Honolulu, Hawaii,[4][5] to Stanley Ann Dunham,[6] a White American from Wichita, Kansas,[7][8][9] and Barack Obama, Sr., a Luo from Nyang’oma Kogelo, Nyanza Province, Kenya. Obama’s parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Mānoa, where his father was a foreign student on scholarship.[10][11] The couple married on February 2, 1961.[12] Obama’s parents separated when Obama was two years old, and they divorced in 1964.[11] Obama’s father returned to Kenya and saw his son only once more before dying in an automobile accident in 1982.[13]

After her divorce, Dunham married Indonesian student Lolo Soetoro, who was attending college in Hawaii. When Soeharto, a military leader in Soetoro’s home country, came to power in 1967, all students studying abroad were recalled and the family moved to Indonesia.[14] There Obama attended local schools in Jakarta, such as Besuki Public School and St. Francis of Assisi School, until he was ten years old.

He then returned to Honolulu to live with his maternal grandparents, Madelyn and Stanley Armour Dunham, while attending Punahou School from the fifth grade in 1971 until his graduation from high school in 1979.[15] Obama’s mother returned to Hawaii in 1972 for five years, and then in 1977 went back to Indonesia, where she worked as an anthropological field worker. She stayed there most of the rest of her life, returning to Hawaii in 1994. She died of ovarian cancer in 1995.[16]

Right-to-left: Barack Obama and half-sister Maya Soetoro-Ng, with their mother Ann Dunham and grandfather Stanley Dunham, in Hawaii (early 1970s).Of his early childhood, Obama has recalled, “That my father looked nothing like the people around me — that he was black as pitch, my mother white as milk — barely registered in my mind.”[17] In his 1995 memoir, he described his struggles as a young adult to reconcile social perceptions of his multiracial heritage.[18] He wrote that he used alcohol, marijuana and cocaine during his teenage years to “push questions of who I was out of my mind.”[19] At the 2008 Civil Forum on the Presidency, Obama identified his high-school drug use as his “greatest moral failure.”[20]

Some of his fellow students at Punahou School later told the Honolulu Star-Bulletin that Obama was mature for his age, and that he sometimes attended college parties and other events in order to associate with African American students and military service people. Reflecting later on his formative years in Honolulu, Obama wrote: “The opportunity that Hawaii offered — to experience a variety of cultures in a climate of mutual respect — became an integral part of my world view, and a basis for the values that I hold most dear.”[21]

Following high school, Obama moved to Los Angeles, where he studied at Occidental College for two years.[22] He then transferred to Columbia University in New York City, where he majored in political science with a specialization in international relations.[23] Obama graduated with a B.A. from Columbia in 1983. He worked for a year at the Business International Corporation[24][25] and then at the New York Public Interest Research Group.[26][27]

After four years in New York City, Obama moved to Chicago, where he was hired as director of the Developing Communities Project (DCP), a church-based community organization originally comprising eight Catholic parishes in Greater Roseland (Roseland, West Pullman and Riverdale) on Chicago’s far South Side. He worked there for three years from June 1985 to May 1988.[26][28] During his three years as the DCP’s director, its staff grew from one to thirteen and its annual budget grew from $70,000 to $400,000. His achievements included helping set up a job training program, a college preparatory tutoring program, and a tenants’ rights organization in Altgeld Gardens.[29] Obama also worked as a consultant and instructor for the Gamaliel Foundation, a community organizing institute.[30] In mid-1988, he traveled for the first time to Europe for three weeks and then for five weeks in Kenya, where he met many of his paternal relatives for the first time.[31]

Obama entered Harvard Law School in late 1988. He was selected as an editor of the Harvard Law Review at the end of his first year,[32] and president of the journal in his second year.[33] During his summers, he returned to Chicago where he worked as a summer associate at the law firms of Sidley & Austin in 1989 and Hopkins & Sutter in 1990.[34] After graduating with a Juris Doctor (J.D.) magna cum laude[35][36] from Harvard in 1991, he returned to Chicago.[32]

Obama’s election as the first black president of the Harvard Law Review gained national media attention[33] and led to a publishing contract and advance for a book about race relations.[37] In an effort to recruit him to their faculty, the University of Chicago Law School provided Obama with a fellowship and an office to work on his book.[37] He originally planned to finish the book in one year, but it took much longer as the book evolved into a personal memoir. In order to work without interruptions, Obama and his wife, Michelle, traveled to Bali where he wrote for several months. The manuscript was finally published in mid-1995 as Dreams from My Father.[37]

From April to October 1992, Obama directed Illinois’s Project Vote, a voter registration drive with a staff of ten and seven hundred volunteers; it achieved its goal of registering 150,000 of 400,000 unregistered African Americans in the state, and led to Crain’s Chicago Business naming Obama to its 1993 list of “40 under Forty” powers to be.[38][39]

For twelve years, Obama served as a professor at the University of Chicago Law School teaching Constitutional Law. He was first classified as a Lecturer from 1992 to 1996 and then as a Senior Lecturer from 1996 to 2004.[40] He also joined Davis, Miner, Barnhill & Galland, a twelve-attorney law firm specializing in civil rights litigation and neighborhood economic development, where he was an associate for three years from 1993 to 1996, then of counsel from 1996 to 2004, with his law license becoming inactive in 2002.[26][41][42]

Obama was a founding member of the board of directors of Public Allies in 1992, resigning before his wife, Michelle, became the founding executive director of Public Allies Chicago in early 1993.[26][43] He served from 1994 to 2002 on the board of directors of the Woods Fund of Chicago, which in 1985 had been the first foundation to fund the Developing Communities Project, and also from 1994 to 2002 on the board of directors of the Joyce Foundation.[26] Obama served on the board of directors of the Chicago Annenberg Challenge from 1995 to 2002, as founding president and chairman of the board of directors from 1995 to 1999.[26] He also served on the board of directors of the Chicago Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, the Center for Neighborhood Technology, and the Lugenia Burns Hope Center.[26]
Political career

State legislator: 1997–2004
Main article: Illinois Senate career of Barack Obama
Obama was elected to the Illinois Senate in 1996, succeeding State Senator Alice Palmer as Senator from Illinois’s 13th District, which then spanned Chicago South Side neighborhoods from Hyde Park-Kenwood south to South Shore and west to Chicago Lawn.[44] Once elected, Obama gained bipartisan support for legislation reforming ethics and health care laws.[45] He sponsored a law increasing tax credits for low-income workers, negotiated welfare reform, and promoted increased subsidies for childcare.[46] In 2001, as co-chairman of the bipartisan Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, Obama supported Republican Governor Ryan’s payday loan regulations and predatory mortgage lending regulations aimed at averting home foreclosures.[47]

Obama was reelected to the Illinois Senate in 1998, defeating Republican Yesse Yehudah in the General Election, and reelected again in 2002.[48] In 2000, he lost a Democratic primary run for the U.S. House of Representatives to four-term incumbent Bobby Rush by a margin of two to one.[49][50]

In January 2003, Obama became chairman of the Illinois Senate’s Health and Human Services Committee when Democrats, after a decade in the minority, regained a majority.[51] He sponsored and led unanimous, bipartisan passage of legislation to monitor racial profiling by requiring police to record the race of drivers they detained and legislation making Illinois the first state to mandate videotaping of homicide interrogations.[46][52] During his 2004 general election campaign for U.S. Senate, police representatives credited Obama for his active engagement with police organizations in enacting death penalty reforms.[53] Obama resigned from the Illinois Senate in November 2004 following his election to the U.S. Senate.[54]
2004 U.S. Senate campaign

In mid-2002, Obama began considering a run for the U.S. Senate; he enlisted political strategist David Axelrod that fall and formally announced his candidacy in January 2003.[55] Decisions by Republican incumbent Peter Fitzgerald and his Democratic predecessor Carol Moseley Braun not to contest the race launched wide-open Democratic and Republican primary contests involving fifteen candidates.[56] Obama’s candidacy was boosted by Axelrod’s advertising campaign featuring images of the late Chicago Mayor Harold Washington and an endorsement by the daughter of the late Paul Simon, former U.S. Senator for Illinois.[57] He received over 52% of the vote in the March 2004 primary, emerging 29% ahead of his nearest Democratic rival.[58]

In July 2004, Obama wrote and delivered the keynote address at the 2004 Democratic National Convention in Boston, Massachusetts.[59] After describing his maternal grandfather’s experiences as a World War II veteran and a beneficiary of the New Deal’s FHA and G.I. Bill programs, Obama spoke about changing the U.S. government’s economic and social priorities. He questioned the Bush administration’s management of the Iraq War and highlighted America’s obligations to its soldiers. Drawing examples from U.S. history, he criticized heavily partisan views of the electorate and asked Americans to find unity in diversity, saying, “There is not a liberal America and a conservative America; there’s the United States of America.”[60] Though it was not televised by the three major broadcast news networks, a combined 9.1 million viewers watching on PBS, CNN, MSNBC, Fox News and C-SPAN saw Obama’s speech, which was a highlight of the convention and confirmed his status as the Democratic Party’s brightest new star.[61]

Obama’s expected opponent in the general election, Republican primary winner Jack Ryan, withdrew from the race in June 2004.[62] Two months later and less than three months before Election Day, Alan Keyes accepted the Illinois Republican Party’s nomination to replace Ryan.[63] A long-time resident of Maryland, Keyes established legal residency in Illinois with the nomination.[64] In the November 2004 general election, Obama received 70% of the vote to Keyes’s 27%, the largest victory margin for a statewide race in Illinois history.[65]

U.S. Senator: 2005–2008

Obama was sworn in as a senator on January 4, 2005.[66] Obama was the fifth African-American Senator in U.S. history, and the third to have been popularly elected.[67] He was the only Senate member of the Congressional Black Caucus.[68] CQ Weekly, a nonpartisan publication, characterized him as a “loyal Democrat” based on analysis of all Senate votes in 2005–2007. The National Journal ranked him as the “most liberal” senator based on an assessment of selected votes during 2007; in 2005 he was ranked sixteenth most liberal, and in 2006 he was ranked tenth.[69][70] In 2008, Congress.org ranked him as the eleventh most powerful Senator.[71] Obama announced on November 13, 2008 that he would resign his senate seat on November 16, 2008, before the start of the lame-duck session, to focus on his transition period for the presidency.[72][73] This enabled him to avoid the conflict of dual roles as President-elect and Senator in the lame duck session of Congress, which no sitting member of Congress had faced since Warren Harding.[74]
Legislation
 
Senate bill sponsors Tom Coburn (R-OK) and Obama discussing the Coburn–Obama Transparency Act.[75]Obama voted in favor of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 and cosponsored the Secure America and Orderly Immigration Act.[76] In September 2006, Obama supported a related bill, the Secure Fence Act.[77] Obama introduced two initiatives bearing his name: Lugar–Obama, which expanded the Nunn–Lugar cooperative threat reduction concept to conventional weapons,[78] and the Coburn–Obama Transparency Act, which authorized the establishment of USAspending.gov, a web search engine on federal spending.[79] On June 3, 2008, Senator Obama, along with Senators Thomas R. Carper, Tom Coburn, and John McCain, introduced follow-up legislation: Strengthening Transparency and Accountability in Federal Spending Act of 2008.[80]

Obama sponsored legislation that would have required nuclear plant owners to notify state and local authorities of radioactive leaks, but the bill failed to pass in the full Senate after being heavily modified in committee.[81] Obama is not hostile to Tort reform and voted for the Class Action Fairness Act of 2005 and the FISA Amendments Act of 2008 which grants immunity from civil liability to telecommunications companies complicit with NSA warrantless wiretapping operations.[82]

In December 2006, President Bush signed into law the Democratic Republic of the Congo Relief, Security, and Democracy Promotion Act, marking the first federal legislation to be enacted with Obama as its primary sponsor.[83] In January 2007, Obama and Senator Feingold introduced a corporate jet provision to the Honest Leadership and Open Government Act, which was signed into law in September 2007.[84] Obama also introduced Deceptive Practices and Voter Intimidation Prevention Act, a bill to criminalize deceptive practices in federal elections[85] and the Iraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007,[86] neither of which have been signed into law.

Obama and U.S. Sen. Richard Lugar (R-IN) visit a Russian mobile launch missile dismantling facility in August 2005.[87]Later in 2007, Obama sponsored an amendment to the Defense Authorization Act adding safeguards for personality disorder military discharges.[88] This amendment passed the full Senate in the spring of 2008.[89] He sponsored the Iran Sanctions Enabling Act supporting divestment of state pension funds from Iran’s oil and gas industry, which has not passed committee, and co-sponsored legislation to reduce risks of nuclear terrorism.[90][91] Obama also sponsored a Senate amendment to the State Children’s Health Insurance Program providing one year of job protection for family members caring for soldiers with combat-related injuries.[92]
Committees
Obama held assignments on the Senate Committees for Foreign Relations, Environment and Public Works and Veterans’ Affairs through December 2006.[93] In January 2007, he left the Environment and Public Works committee and took additional assignments with Health, Education, Labor and Pensions and Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs.[94] He also became Chairman of the Senate’s subcommittee on European Affairs.[95] As a member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Obama made official trips to Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia and Africa. He met with Mahmoud Abbas before he became President of the Palestinian Authority, and gave a speech at the University of Nairobi condemning corruption in the Kenyan government.[96][97][98][99]
2008 Presidential campaign
Wikinews has related news: Barack Obama elected 44th President of the United States

On February 10, 2007, Obama announced his candidacy for President of the United States in front of the Old State Capitol building in Springfield, Illinois.[100][101] The choice of the announcement site was symbolic because it was also where Abraham Lincoln delivered his historic “House Divided” speech in 1858.[102] Throughout the campaign, Obama emphasized the issues of rapidly ending the Iraq War, increasing energy independence, and providing universal health care.[103]

Obama stands on stage with his wife and two daughters just before announcing his presidential candidacy in Springfield, Illinois, Feb. 10, 2007.During both the primary process and the general election, Obama’s campaign set numerous fundraising records, particularly in the quantity of small donations.[104][105][106] On June 19, Obama became the first major-party presidential candidate to turn down public financing in the general election since the system was created in 1976.[107]

A large number of candidates initially entered the Democratic Party presidential primaries. After a few initial contests, the field narrowed to a contest between Obama and Senator Hillary Clinton, with each winning some states and the race remaining close throughout the primary process.[108][109][110][111] On May 31, the Democratic National Committee agreed to seat all of the disputed Michigan and Florida delegates at the national convention, each with a half-vote, narrowing Obama’s delegate lead.[112] On June 3, with all states counted, Obama passed the threshold to become the presumptive nominee.[113][114] On that day, he gave a victory speech in St. Paul, Minnesota. Clinton suspended her campaign and endorsed him on June 7.[115] From that point on, he campaigned for the general election race against Senator John McCain, the Republican nominee.

On August 23, 2008, Obama announced that he had selected Delaware Senator Joe Biden as his vice presidential running mate.[116]

Obama delivers his presidential election victory speech.At the Democratic National Convention in Denver, Colorado, Obama’s former rival Hillary Clinton gave a speech in support of Obama’s candidacy and later called for Obama to be nominated by acclamation as the Democratic presidential candidate.[117][118] On August 28, Obama delivered a speech to 84,000 supporters in Denver. During the speech, which was viewed by over 38 million people worldwide, he accepted his party’s nomination and presented his policy goals.[119][120]

After McCain was nominated as the Republican presidential candidate, there were three presidential debates between Obama and McCain in September and October 2008.[121][122] In November, Obama won the presidency with 53% of the popular vote and a wide electoral college margin. His election sparked street celebrations in numerous cities in the United States[123] and abroad.
Election victory
 
President-elect Obama meets with President George W. Bush in the Oval Office, November 10, 2008.On November 4, 2008, Barack Obama defeated John McCain in the general election with 365 electoral votes to McCain’s 173[124] and became the first African American to be elected President of the United States.[125][126][127][128] In his victory speech, delivered before a crowd of hundreds of thousands of his supporters in Chicago’s Grant Park, Obama proclaimed that “change has come to America”.[129]

On January 8, 2009, the joint session of the U.S. Congress met to certify the votes of the Electoral College for the 2008 presidential election. Based on the results of the electoral vote count, Barack Obama was declared to have been elected President of the United States and Joseph Biden was declared to have been elected Vice President of the United States.[130]
Presidency
Main article: Barack Obama 2009 presidential inauguration
Main article: Presidency of Barack Obama
The inauguration of Barack Obama as the forty-fourth President, and Joe Biden as Vice President, took place on January 20, 2009. The theme of the inauguration was “A New Birth of Freedom,” commemorating the 200th anniversary of the birth of Abraham Lincoln.[131]

In his first few days in office, Obama issued executive orders reversing President Bush’s ban on federal funding to foreign establishments that allow abortions (known as the Global Gag Rule)[132], and changed procedures to promote disclosure under the Freedom of Information Act,[133] directing the US military to develop plans to withdraw troops from Iraq,[134] and reducing the secrecy given to presidential records,[135] and closing Guantanamo Bay detention camp “as soon as practicable and no later than” January 2010, and “Immediate Review of All Guantánamo Detentions”.
Political positions

A method that some political scientists use for gauging ideology is to compare the annual ratings by the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) with the ratings by the American Conservative Union (ACU).[136] Based on his years in Congress, Obama has a lifetime average conservative rating of 7.67% from the ACU,[137] and a lifetime average liberal rating of 90% from the ADA.[138]

Obama campaigning in Abington, Pennsylvania, October 2008.Obama was an early opponent of the Bush administration’s policies on Iraq.[139] On October 2, 2002, the day President George W. Bush and Congress agreed on the joint resolution authorizing the Iraq War,[140] Obama addressed the first high-profile Chicago anti-Iraq War rally in Federal Plaza,[141] speaking out against the war.[142][143] On March 16, 2003, the day Bush issued his 48-hour ultimatum to Saddam Hussein to leave Iraq before the U.S. invasion of Iraq,[144] Obama addressed the largest Chicago anti-Iraq War rally to date in Daley Plaza and told the crowd that “it’s not too late” to stop the war.[145] Although Obama had previously said he wanted all the U.S. troops out of Iraq within 16 months of becoming President, after he won the primary, he said he might “refine” that promise.[146]

Obama stated that if elected he would enact budget cuts in the range of tens of billions of dollars, stop investing in “unproven” missile defense systems, not “weaponize” space, “slow development of Future Combat Systems,” and work towards eliminating all nuclear weapons. Obama favors ending development of new nuclear weapons, reducing the current U.S. nuclear stockpile, enacting a global ban on production of fissile material, and seeking negotiations with Russia in order to take ICBMs off high alert status.[147]

In November 2006, Obama called for a “phased redeployment of U.S. troops from Iraq” and an opening of diplomatic dialogue with Syria and Iran.[148] In a March 2007 speech to AIPAC, a pro-Israel lobby, he said that the primary way to prevent Iran from developing nuclear weapons is through talks and diplomacy, although he did not rule out military action.[149] Obama has indicated that he would engage in “direct presidential diplomacy” with Iran without preconditions.[150][151][152] Detailing his strategy for fighting global terrorism in August 2007, Obama said “it was a terrible mistake to fail to act” against a 2005 meeting of al-Qaeda leaders that U.S. intelligence had confirmed to be taking place in Pakistan’s Federally Administered Tribal Areas. He said that as president he would not miss a similar opportunity, even without the support of the Pakistani government.[153]

In a December 2005, Washington Post opinion column, and at the Save Darfur rally in April 2006, Obama called for more assertive action to oppose genocide in the Darfur region of Sudan.[154] He has divested $180,000 in personal holdings of Sudan-related stock, and has urged divestment from companies doing business in Iran.[155] In the July–August 2007 issue of Foreign Affairs, Obama called for an outward looking post-Iraq War foreign policy and the renewal of American military, diplomatic, and moral leadership in the world. Saying that “we can neither retreat from the world nor try to bully it into submission,” he called on Americans to “lead the world, by deed and by example.”[156]

Obama speaking at a rally at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri.In economic affairs, in April 2005, he defended the New Deal social welfare policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt and opposed Republican proposals to establish private accounts for Social Security.[157] In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Obama spoke out against government indifference to growing economic class divisions, calling on both political parties to take action to restore the social safety net for the poor.[158] Shortly before announcing his presidential campaign, Obama said he supports universal health care in the United States.[159] Obama proposes to reward teachers for performance from traditional merit pay systems, assuring unions that changes would be pursued through the collective bargaining process.[160]

In September 2007, he blamed special interests for distorting the U.S. tax code.[161] His plan would eliminate taxes for senior citizens with incomes of less than $50,000 a year, repeal income tax cuts for those making over $250,000 as well as the capital gains and dividends tax cut,[162] close corporate tax loopholes, lift the income cap on Social Security taxes, restrict offshore tax havens, and simplify filing of income tax returns by pre-filling wage and bank information already collected by the IRS.[163] Announcing his presidential campaign’s energy plan in October 2007, Obama proposed a cap and trade auction system to restrict carbon emissions and a ten year program of investments in new energy sources to reduce U.S. dependence on imported oil.[164] Obama proposed that all pollution credits must be auctioned, with no grandfathering of credits for oil and gas companies, and the spending of the revenue obtained on energy development and economic transition costs.[165]

Obama has encouraged Democrats to reach out to evangelicals and other religious groups.[166] In December 2006, he joined Sen. Sam Brownback (R-KS) at the “Global Summit on AIDS and the Church” organized by church leaders Kay and Rick Warren.[167] Together with Warren and Brownback, Obama took an HIV test, as he had done in Kenya less than four months earlier.[168] He encouraged “others in public life to do the same” and not be ashamed of it.[169] Addressing over 8,000 United Church of Christ members in June 2007, Obama challenged “so-called leaders of the Christian Right” for being “all too eager to exploit what divides us.”[170]
Family and personal life
 
Barack Obama and his wife Michelle Obama.In June 1989, Obama met Michelle Robinson, who later became his wife, when he was employed as a summer associate at the Chicago law firm of Sidley Austin.[171] Assigned for three months as Obama’s adviser at the firm, Robinson joined him at group social functions, but declined his initial requests to date.[172] They began dating later that summer, became engaged in 1991, and were married on October 3, 1992.[173] The couple’s first daughter, Malia Ann, was born in 1998,[174] followed by a second daughter, Natasha (“Sasha”), in 2001.[175] Because of Michelle Obama’s employment with the University of Chicago, the Obama daughters attended the private University of Chicago Laboratory Schools. When they moved to Washington, D.C., in January 2009, the girls started at the private Sidwell Friends School.[176]

Obama was known as “Barry” in his youth, but asked to be addressed with his given name during his college years.[177]

Applying the proceeds of a book deal, in 2005 the family moved from a Hyde Park, Chicago condominium to their current $1.6 million house in neighboring Kenwood.[178] The purchase of an adjacent lot and sale of part of it to Obama by the wife of developer and friend Tony Rezko attracted media attention because of Rezko’s indictment and subsequent conviction on political corruption charges that were unrelated to Obama.[179][180]

In December 2007, Money magazine estimated the Obama family’s net worth at $1.3 million.[181] Their 2007 tax return showed a household income of $4.2 million—up from about $1 million in 2006 and $1.6 million in 2005—mostly from sales of his books.[182]

Obama playing basketball with U.S. military at Camp Lemonier, Djibouti in 2006.[183]In a 2006 interview, Obama highlighted the diversity of his extended family. “Michelle will tell you that when we get together for Christmas or Thanksgiving, it’s like a little mini-United Nations.” he said. “I’ve got relatives who look like Bernie Mac, and I’ve got relatives who look like Margaret Thatcher.”[184] Obama has seven half-siblings from his Kenyan father’s family, six of them living, and a half-sister with whom he was raised, Maya Soetoro-Ng, the daughter of his mother and her Indonesian second husband.[185] Obama’s mother was survived by her Kansas-born mother, Madelyn Dunham[186] until her death on November 2, 2008, just before the presidential election.[187] In Dreams from My Father, Obama ties his mother’s family history to possible Native American ancestors and distant relatives of Jefferson Davis, president of the southern Confederacy during the American Civil War.[188] Obama’s maternal and paternal grandfathers fought in World War II.

Obama plays basketball, a sport he participated in as a member of his high school’s varsity team.[189] He is an avid sports fan. Obama follows the Chicago Bears, Chicago White Sox, Chicago Bulls and West Ham United F.C.[190][191][192][193] While he has never been a heavy smoker, Obama has tried to quit smoking several times, including a well-publicized and ongoing effort which he began before launching his presidential campaign.[194] Obama has said he will not smoke in the White House.[195]

Obama is a Protestant Christian whose religious views have evolved in his adult life. In The Audacity of Hope, Obama writes that he “was not raised in a religious household.” He describes his mother, raised by non-religious parents (whom Obama has specified elsewhere as “non-practicing Methodists and Baptists”) to be detached from religion, yet “in many ways the most spiritually awakened person that I have ever known.” He describes his father as “raised a Muslim,” but a “confirmed atheist” by the time his parents met, and his stepfather as “a man who saw religion as not particularly useful.” In the book, Obama explains how, through working with black churches as a community organizer while in his twenties, he came to understand “the power of the African-American religious tradition to spur social change.”[196][197] He was baptized at the Trinity United Church of Christ in 1988 and was an active member there for two decades.[198][199]

Besides his native English, Obama speaks Indonesian (Bahasa Indonesia), at least on a colloquial level, which he learned during his four childhood years in Jakarta.[200] After the APEC summit in November 2008, Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono related a telephone conversation with Obama in Indonesian to Indonesian media. Obama had told Yudhoyono that he missed Indonesian food like Nasi Goreng, Bakso or Rambutan.[201]
Cultural and political image

With his black Kenyan father and white American mother, his upbringing in Honolulu and Jakarta, and his Ivy League education, Obama’s early life experiences differ markedly from those of African-American politicians who launched their careers in the 1960s through participation in the civil rights movement.[202] Expressing puzzlement over questions about whether he is “black enough”, Obama told an August 2007 meeting of the National Association of Black Journalists that the debate is not about his physical appearance or his record on issues of concern to black voters. Obama said that “we’re still locked in this notion that if you appeal to white folks then there must be something wrong.”[203]

Echoing the inaugural address of John F. Kennedy, Obama acknowledged his youthful image in an October 2007 campaign speech, saying: “I wouldn’t be here if, time and again, the torch had not been passed to a new generation.”[204] A popular catch phrase distilled the concept: “Rosa sat so Martin could walk; Martin walked so Obama could run; Obama is running so our children can fly.”[205]

From left: Presidents George H. W. Bush, Barack Obama, George W. Bush, Bill Clinton and Jimmy Carter meet in the Oval Office on January 7, 2009.Obama has been praised as a master of oratory on par with other renowned speakers in the past such as Martin Luther King, Jr.[206][207] His “Yes We Can” speech, which artists independently set to music in a popular video produced by Will.i.am, was viewed by 10 million people on YouTube in the first month,[208] and received an Emmy Award.[209] University of Virginia professor Jonathan Haidt researched the effectiveness of Obama’s public speaking and concluded that part of his excellence is because the politician is adept at inspiring the emotion of elevation, the desire to act morally and do good for others.[210] Obama used these communication skills in a series of weekly internet video addresses during his pre-inauguration transition period;[211] he has suggested he will make a series of broadcast and internet addresses similar to Franklin D. Roosevelt’s famous fireside chats throughout his term as president to explain his policies and actions.[212]

Many commentators mentioned Obama’s international appeal as a defining factor for his public image.[213] Not only did several polls show strong support for him in other countries,[214] but Obama also established close relationships with prominent foreign politicians and elected officials even before his presidential candidacy, notably with then incumbent British Prime Minister Tony Blair, whom he met in London in 2005,[215] with Italy’s Democratic Party leader and then Mayor of Rome Walter Veltroni, who visited Obama’s Senate office in 2005,[216] and with French President Nicolas Sarkozy, who also visited him in Washington in 2006.[217]

Obama won Best Spoken Word Album Grammy Awards for abridged audiobook versions of both of his books; for Dreams from My Father in February 2006 and for The Audacity of Hope in February 2008.[218]

In December 2008, Time magazine named Barack Obama as its Person of the Year for his historic candidacy and election, which it described as “the steady march of seemingly impossible accomplishments.”[219]
Notes
1.^ “President Barack Obama”. www.whitehouse.gov.
2.^ a b “Birth Certificate of Barack Obama”. Department of Health, Hawaii. PolitiFact.com (August 8, 1961). Retrieved on 2008-12-12.
3.^ “Obama’s church choice likely to be scrutinized”. Associated Press. msnbc.com (November 17, 2008). Retrieved on 2009-1-20.
4.^ Maraniss, David (August 24, 2008). “Though Obama Had to Leave to Find Himself, It Is Hawaii That Made His Rise Possible”, Politics, Washington Post. Retrieved on 27 October 2008. 
5.^ Serafin, Peter (March 21, 2004). “Punahou grad stirs up Illinois politics” (Article), Special to the Star-Bulletin, Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Retrieved on November 30 2008. 
6.^ For Stanley Ann’s first name, see Obama (1995, 2004), p. 19
7.^ “Born in the U.S.A.”. FactCheck (August 21, 2008). Retrieved on October 24, 2008.
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133.^ Doyle, Michael (2009-01-23). “Obama restores some of the ‘Freedom’ to FOIA”, McClatchy Newspapers. Retrieved on 24 January 2009. 
134.^ Gearan, Anne; Lolita C. Baldor (2009-01-22). “Obama asks Pentagon for responsible Iraq drawdown”, Associated Press. Retrieved on 24 January 2009. 
135.^ Merritt, Michael (2009-01-23). “Obama Opens Up Presidential Records; Some Conservatives Forget History”, PoliGazette. Retrieved on 24 January 2009. 
136.^ Mayer, William (2004-03-28). “Kerry’s Record Rings a Bell”, Washington Post. Retrieved on 7 June 2008. “The question of how to measure a senator’s or representative’s ideology is one that political scientists regularly need to answer. For more than 30 years, the standard method for gauging ideology has been to use the annual ratings of lawmakers’ votes by various interest groups, notably the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) and the American Conservative Union (ACU).” 
137.^ “2005 U.S. Senate Votes”. American Conservative Union. Retrieved on 2008-09-20.; “2006 U.S. Senate Votes”. American Conservative Union. Retrieved on 2008-09-20.; “2007 U.S. Senate Votes”. American Conservative Union. Retrieved on 2008-09-20.
138.^ “ADA’s 2005 Congressional Voting Record” (PDF). Americans for Democratic Action. Retrieved on 2008-09-20.; “ADA’s 2006 Congressional Voting Record” (PDF). Americans for Democratic Action. Retrieved on 2008-09-20.; “ADA’s 2007 Congressional Voting Record” (PDF). Americans for Democratic Action. Retrieved on 2008-09-20.
139.^ Strausberg, Chinta (2002-09-26). “Opposition to war mounts” (paid archive), Chicago Defender, p. 1. Retrieved on 3 February 2008. 
140.^ Office of the Press Secretary (2002-10-02). “President, House Leadership Agree on Iraq Resolution”. The White House. Retrieved on 2008-02-17. Tackett, Michael (2002-10-03). “Bush, House OK Iraq deal; Congress marches with Bush” (paid archive), Chicago Tribune, p. 1. Retrieved on 3 February 2008. 
141.^ Glauber, Bill (2003-10-03). “War protesters gentler, but passion still burns” (paid archive), Chicago Tribune, p. 1. Retrieved on 3 February 2008.  Strausberg, Chinta (2002-10-03). “War with Iraq undermines U.N.”, Chicago Defender, p. 1. Retrieved on 28 October 2008. “Photo caption: Left Photo: Sen. Barack Obama along with Rev. Jesse Jackson spoke to nearly 3,000 anti-war protestors (below) during a rally at Federal Plaza Wednesday.”  Bryant, Greg (2002-10-02). “300 protesters rally to oppose war with Iraq”, Medill News Service. Retrieved on 3 February 2008.  Katz, Marilyn (2007-10-02). “Five Years Since Our First Action”. Chicagoans Against War & Injustice. Retrieved on 2008-02-17. Bryant, Greg; Vaughn, Jane B. (2002-10-03). “300 attend rally against Iraq war” (paid archive), Daily Herald (Arlington Heights), p. 8. Retrieved on 28 October 2008.  Mendell (2007), pp. 172–177.
142.^ Obama, Barack (2002-10-02). “Remarks of Illinois State Sen. Barack Obama Against Going to War with Iraq”, BarackObama.com. Retrieved on 3 February 2008. 
143.^ McCormick, John (2007-10-03). “Obama marks ’02 war speech; Contender highlights his early opposition in effort to distinguish him from his rivals” (paid archive), Chicago Tribune, p. 7. Retrieved on 28 October 2008. “The top strategist for Sen. Barack Obama has just 14 seconds of video of what is one of the most pivotal moments of the presidential candidate’s political career. The video, obtained from a Chicago TV station, is of Obama’s 2002 speech in opposition to the impending Iraq invasion.”  Pallasch, Abdon M. (2007-10-03). “Obama touts anti-war cred; Kicks off tour 5 years after speech critical of going to Iraq” (paid archive), Chicago Sun-Times, p. 26. Retrieved on 28 October 2008. 
144.^ Office of the Press Secretary (2003-03-16). “President Bush: Monday “Moment of Truth” for World on Iraq”. The White House. Retrieved on 2008-02-17. Associated Press (2003-03-17). “‘Moment of truth for the world’; Bush, three allies set today as final day for Iraq to disarm or face massive military attack” (paid archive), Chicago Sun-Times, p. 1. Retrieved on 3 February 2008. 
145.^ Ritter, Jim (2003-03-17). “Anti-war rally here draws thousands” (paid archive), Chicago Sun-Times, p. 3. Retrieved on 3 February 2008. 
146.^ US election: Barack Obama wobbles on withdrawing Iraq troops, telegraph.co.uk, July 4, 2008
147.^ Barack Obama. (2007-10-22). Obama-Caucus4Priorities (flv). Obama ’08. Retrieved on 2008-05-18.
148.^ For audio and text, see: Obama, Barack (2006-11-20). “A Way Forward in Iraq”. Chicago Council on Global Affairs. Retrieved on 2008-01-14.
149.^ Obama, Barack (2007-03-02). “AIPAC Policy Forum Remarks”. Barack Obama U.S. Senate Office. Retrieved on 2008-01-30. For Obama’s 2004 Senate campaign remarks on possible missile strikes against Iran, see: Mendell, David (2004-09-25). “Obama Would Consider Missile Strikes on Iran” (paid archive), Chicago Tribune. Retrieved on 14 January 2008. 
150.^ “Barack Obama and Joe Biden’s Plan to Secure America and Restore Our Standing”. Obama for America. Retrieved on 2008-09-22.
151.^ Gordon, Michael R. and Zeleny, Jeff (2007-11-02). “Obama Pledges ‘Aggressive’ Iran Diplomacy”, The New York Times. Retrieved on 17 June 2008. 
152.^ “Transcript of fourth Democratic debate”, The New York Times (2007-07-24). Retrieved on 17 June 2008. 
153.^ “Obama Warns Pakistan on Al-Qaeda”, BBC News (2007-08-01). Retrieved on 14 January 2008.  For video and text of the speech, see: “Policy Address on Terrorism by The Honorable Barack Obama, United States Senator from Illinois”, Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars (2007-08-01). Retrieved on 30 January 2008.  For details of the aborted 2005 military operation, see Mazzetti, Mark (2007-07-08). “Rumsfeld Called Off 2005 Plan to Capture Top Qaeda Figures”, International Herald Tribune. Retrieved on 14 January 2008. 
154.^ Obama, Barack; Sam Brownback (2005-12-27). “Policy Adrift on Darfur”, The Washington Post. Retrieved on 14 January 2008.  Doyle, Jim (2006-05-01). “Tens of Thousands Rally for Darfur”, San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved on 14 January 2008. 
155.^ Kuhnhenn, Jim (Associated Press) (2007-05-17). “Giuliani, Edwards Have Sudan Holdings”, San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved on 14 January 2008. ; Obama, Barack (2007-08-30). “Hit Iran Where It Hurts”, New York Daily News. Retrieved on 14 January 2008. 
156.^ Obama, Barack (July–August 2007). “Renewing American Leadership”. Foreign Affairs 86 (4). http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20070701faessay86401/barack-obama/renewing-american-leadership.html. Retrieved on 14 January 2008. 
157.^ Franklin, Ben A (2005-06-01). “The Fifth Black Senator in U.S. History Makes F.D.R. His Icon”, Washington Spectator. Retrieved on 14 January 2008. 
158.^ Zeleny, Jeff (2005-09-12). “Judicious Obama Turns Up Volume”, Chicago Tribune. Retrieved on 14 January 2008. 
159.^ Pickler, Nedra (2007-01-25). “Obama Calls for Universal Health Care within Six Years”, Associated Press via Union-Tribune (San Diego). Retrieved on 14 January 2008. 
160.^ Davis, Teddy; Sunlen Miller (2007-11-20). “Obama Bucks Party Line on Education”, ABC News. Retrieved on 14 January 2008. 
161.^ “A Speech On the Economy, Opportunity and Tax Policy with Senator Barack Obama”, Tax Policy Center (2007-09-18). Retrieved on 14 January 2008. 
162.^ “Study:Bush tax cuts favor wealthy”, CBS (2004-08-13). Retrieved on 5 April 2008. 
163.^ “Obama Tax Plan: $80 Billion in Cuts, Five-Minute Filings”, CNN (2007-09-18). Retrieved on 14 January 2008. 
164.^ Zeleny, Jeff (2007-10-09). “Obama Proposes Capping Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Making Polluters Pay”, The New York Times. Retrieved on 14 January 2008. 
165.^ Barack Obama. “The Blueprint for Change: Barack Obama’s plan for America” (PDF). Obama for America. Retrieved on 2008-04-20.
166.^ Lerner, Michael (2006-07-03). “U.S. Senator Barack Obama Critiques Democrats’ Religiophobia”, Tikkun Magazine. Retrieved on 14 January 2008.  “Sen. Barack Obama: Call to Renewal Keynote Address”. Beliefnet (2006-06-28). Retrieved on 2008-01-14.
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169.^ Obama, Barack (2006-12-01). “Race Against Time—World AIDS Day Speech”, Obama U.S. Senate Office. Retrieved on 14 January 2008. 
170.^ “Barack Obama: Faith Has Been ‘Hijacked'”, Associated Press via CBS News (2007-06-24). Retrieved on 14 January 2008.  See also: Brody, David (2007-07-30). “Obama to CBN News: We’re No Longer Just a Christian Nation”, Christian Broadcasting Network. Retrieved on 14 January 2008. 
171.^ Obama (2006), pp. 327–332. See also: Brown, Sarah (2005-12-07). “Obama ’85 Masters Balancing Act”, Daily Princetonian. Retrieved on 28 April 2008.  Tucker, Eric (2007-03-01). “Family Ties: Brown Coach, Barack Obama”, Associated Press, ABC News. Retrieved on 28 April 2008. 
172.^ Obama (2006), p. 329.
173.^ Fornek, Scott (2007-10-03). “Michelle Obama: ‘He Swept Me Off My Feet'”, Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved on 28 April 2008. 
174.^ Martin, Jonathan (2008-07-04). “Born on the 4th of July”. The Politico. Retrieved on 2008-07-10.
175.^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 440, and Obama (2006), pp. 339–340. See also: “Election 2008 Information Center: Barack Obama”. Gannett News Service. Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
176.^ “Obamas choose private Sidwell Friends School”, ‘International Herald Tribune, November 22, 2008
177.^ “When Barry Became Barack”, Newsweek (2008-03-31). Retrieved on 6 November 2008. 
178.^ Zeleny, Jeff (2005-12-24). “The First Time Around: Sen. Obama’s Freshman Year”, Chicago Tribune. Retrieved on 28 April 2008. 
179.^ “Rezko found guilty in corruption case”, The Associated Press, MSNBC.com (2008-06-04). Retrieved on 24 June 2008. 
180.^ Slevin, Peter (2006-12-17). “Obama Says He Regrets Land Deal With Fundraiser”, The Washington Post. Retrieved on 10 June 2008. 
181.^ “Obama’s Money”, CNNMoney.com (2007-12-07). Retrieved on 28 April 2008.
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182.^ Zeleny, Jeff (2008-04-17). “Book Sales Lifted Obamas’ Income in 2007 to a Total of $4.2 Million”, The New York Times. Retrieved on 28 April 2008. 
183.^ “Senator Barack Obama Visit to CJTF-HOA and Camp Lemonier: August 31—September 1, 2006” (video), Combined Joint Task Force—Horn of Africa, YouTube (2007-02-06). Retrieved on 28 April 2008. 
184.^ “Keeping Hope Alive: Barack Obama Puts Family First”. The Oprah Winfrey Show (2006-10-18). Retrieved on 2008-06-24.
185.^ Fornek, Scott (2007-09-09). “Half Siblings: ‘A Complicated Family'”, Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved on 24 June 2008.  See also: “Interactive Family Tree”. Chicago Sun-Times (2007-09-09). Retrieved on 2008-06-24.
186.^ Fornek, Scott (2007-09-09). “Madelyn Payne Dunham: ‘A Trailblazer'”, Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved on 24 June 2008. 
187.^ “Obama’s grandmother dies after battle with cancer”, CNN (2008-11-03). Retrieved on 4 November 2008. 
188.^ Obama (1995, 2004), p. 13. For reports on Obama’s maternal genealogy, including slave owners, Irish connections, and common ancestors with George W. Bush, Dick Cheney, and Harry Truman, see: Nitkin, David; Harry Merritt (2007-03-02). “A New Twist to an Intriguing Family History”, Baltimore Sun. Retrieved on 24 June 2008.  Jordan, Mary (2007-05-13). “Tiny Irish Village Is Latest Place to Claim Obama as Its Own”, The Washington Post. Retrieved on 24 June 2008.  “Obama’s Family Tree Has a Few Surprises”, Associated Press, CBS 2 (Chicago) (2007-09-08). Retrieved on 24 June 2008. 
189.^ Kantor, Jodi (2007-06-01). “One Place Where Obama Goes Elbow to Elbow”, The New York Times. Retrieved on 28 April 2008.  See also: “The Love of the Game” (video), HBO: Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel, YouTube (BarackObama.com) (2008-04-15). Retrieved on 28 April 2008. 
190.^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/10/15/AR2007101500943.html
191.^ http://www.newsday.com/sports/baseball/ny-sppresidents256012174jan25,0,5447646.story
192.^ http://www.realgm.com/src_wiretap_archives/56644/20090116/a_bulls_fan_in_the_white_house/
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194.^ Parsons, Christi (2007-02-06). “Obama Launches an ’07 Campaign—To Quit Smoking”, Chicago Tribune. Retrieved on 2009-1-12. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008. 
195.^ “Barack Obama says he won’t smoke cigarettes in the White House”, Reuters, Chicago Tribune (2008-12-08). 
196.^ Obama (2006), pp. 202–208. Portions excerpted in: Obama, Barack (2006-10-23). “My Spiritual Journey”, Time. Retrieved on 28 April 2008. 
197.^ Obama, Barack (2006-06-28). “‘Call to Renewal’ Keynote Address”. Barack Obama: U.S. Senator for Illinois (website). Retrieved on 2008-06-16.
198.^ Kantor, Jodi (April 30, 2007). “Barack Obama’s search for faith”, International Herald Tribune.  April 30, 2007
199.^ Obama, Barack (2006-10-23). “My Spiritual Journey”. Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1546579,00.html. 
200.^ “Obama’s Indonesian Redux”.
201.^ “Obama: Saya Kangen Nasi Goreng, Bakso, dan Rambutan”.
202.^ Wallace-Wells, Benjamin (November 2004). “The Great Black Hope: What’s Riding on Barack Obama?”, Washington Monthly. Retrieved on 7 April 2008.  See also: Scott, Janny (2007-12-28). “A Member of a New Generation, Obama Walks a Fine Line”, International Herald Tribune. Retrieved on 7 April 2008. 
203.^ Payne, Les (2007-08-19). “In One Country, a Dual Audience” (paid archive), Newsday. Retrieved on 7 April 2008. 
204.^ Dorning, Mike (2007-10-04). “Obama Reaches Across Decades to JFK” (paid archive), Chicago Tribune. Retrieved on 7 April 2008.  See also: Harnden, Toby (2007-10-15). “Barack Obama is JFK Heir, Says Kennedy Aide”, Daily Telegraph. Retrieved on 7 April 2008. 
205.^ “Obama’s Win Earns Emotional Reactions, Turns Page in History,” PBS NewsHour. November 5, 2008; Block, Melissa. “St. Louis Voters Discuss Struggles, Election Hopes,” National Public Radio. October 28, 2008.
206.^ Holmes, Stephanie (November 30, 2008). “Obama: Oratory and originality”. The Age. Retrieved on 2008-12-11.
207.^ Higgans, Charlotte (November 19, 2008). “A classic orator, Obama learnt from the masters”. BBC. Retrieved on 2008-12-11.
208.^ Strange, Hannah (2008-03-05). “Celebrities join YouTube revolution”, The Times (UK). Retrieved on 18 December 2008. 
209.^ Wappler, Margaret (2008-06-20). “Emmys give knuckle bump to will.i.am; more videos on the way”, Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on 18 December 2008. 
210.^ “New emotion dubbed ‘elevation” (in English). Toronto Star (December 11, 2008). Retrieved on 2008-12-11.
211.^ [1]
212.^ News from Studio Briefing
213.^ The Root; USA Today
214.^ “World wants Obama as president: poll”, Reuters, ABC News (Australia) (2008-09-09). 
215.^ Obama.senate.gov (2005-08-24). Obama to visit nuclear, biological weapons destruction facilities in former Soviet Union. Press release. http://obama.senate.gov/press/050823-obama_to_visit/. 
216.^ Quel giorno di tre anni fa a Washington Barack mi raccontò la sua speranzaRome Mayor’s Leadership Bid May Lead to Early Italian Elections; VELTRONI A NEW YORK – Il politico prevale sull’ amministratore; Libreria Rizzoli Galleria
217.^ Pedder, Sophie (February 20, 2008). “Sarkozy, Obama and McCain”. The Economist. Retrieved on 2008-11-20.
218.^ Goodman, Dean (2008-02-10). “Obama or Clinton? Grammys go for Obama”, Reuters. Retrieved on 24 November 2008. 
219.^ Von Drehle, David (December 16, 2008). “Why History Can’t Wait” (Cover article). Person of the Year 2008. Time Magazine. Retrieved on December 17, 2008.

References
Mendell, David (2007). Obama: From Promise to Power. New York: Amistad/HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-085820-6. http://www.harpercollins.com/book/index.aspx?isbn=9780060858209. 
Obama, Barack (1995, 2004). Dreams from My Father: A Story of Race and Inheritance. New York: Three Rivers Press. ISBN 1-4000-8277-3. 
Obama, Barack (2006). The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream. New York: Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 0-307

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